I would not hesitate to use a LocTited sprocket. As long as you clean both surfaces well, the LocTite will hold. LocTite has changed the colors and descriptions often in the last 30 years, so I would check their website for recommendations. Be sure to cover both surfaces with LocTite before you assemble them. You won't need a lot: a couple of drops on each part should do. You won't know how well it works until you try to take it apart, and then you will need to heat the pieces with a torch.
I also suggest you peen the top (and maybe the bottom too, if it needs it ) of the woodruff key slightly to assure a good snug fit in the sprocket keyway, if it has any looseness.
LocTite products have always performed well for me. A lot of my stuff is held together with their two part epoxy.
When you can't wait for the standard cure time of the thread seal products, heating with a Burnzomatic torch to 140-160 degrees will hasten hardening. The heat and the CO2 both work to make it set up.